Pathogens can be important management tactics for many insect pests and are important components of an ipm strategy. Chapter 1 biological control of insect and weed pests authors. Genetic control of insect pests focuses on laboratory and field trials of genetic control methods of insects, which entails the use of insects to control themselves. Rice oryza sativa is both a vital source of food and a key model cereal for genomic research. The natural and biological control of insect pests and diseases affecting cultivated plants has gained much attention in the past decades as a way of reducing the use of pesticides in agriculture. Biological control of pest and vector insects intechopen. Plant resistance is achieved through three general mechanisms. While there is a growing amount of data documenting the intended environmental benefits. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. For best results, treat insects before large numbers build up in the garden. The sterile insect release method and other genetic control. For example, i ph is the independent variable, temperature is a control variable and must be kept constant at 20 c or. An introduction to natural biological control enemies for. Farmers and ranchers must follow the instructions and advice of competent fieldmen.
Dreistadt, jack kelly clark photographer, university of california statewide integrated pest management program corporate author. They must be kept constant so that they do not cause diferences in the results o the experiment. Without question, insect pathogens act as natural mortality. An insect may have either a simple or complete metamorphosis life cycle. Biological control of insect pests is gradually gaining momentum. Biological control of insect pests is one of the methods of controlling insect pests by use of living organisms. Pdf geneticsbased methods for agricultural insect pest.
Insect pests are major factors constraining rice production. Genetic engineering promises rapid acceleration of plant breeding efforts for crop improvement. Biological control is a component of an integrated pest management ipm strategy 1. Inherited sterility inherited sterility is an approach to the genetic manipulation of a pest population in which the reared and released insects are fertile but their progenies are sterile. For all three of these example species, new genetic insect control methods are. Biologically based technologies for pest control princeton. Nuclear polyhedrosis virus can be thought of as the hiv of the insect world, this viral killer can control many moth larvae. It started in china in 16th century where nests of the ant oecophylla smaragdina is used in controlling citrus. Ridl utilises transgenic technology to engineer novel traits in pest insects, for application against the wild pest population.
It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. The sterile insect release method and other autocidal control techniques are completely compatible with other types of insect control that might be used in ipm programs. The ancient chinese distributed nests of predatory ants among citrus trees to control caterpillars and borers. Department of eniomology, london school of hygiene and tropical medicine. For variable selection,\ ngenetic algorithm ga method was used. Chapter9 biological control and integrated pest management. Cranberries the national cranberry magazine, 199009. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. The illustrated guide to biological pest control, publication 3386, university of california. Microbial control of insect and mite pests 1st edition. Chemical control of insects often may be necessary. Biological control agents are the instruments for biological control which is the technique of defending crops who is born from the study of the equilibrium present in nature between the harmful organisms and their natural antagonists. This provides an urgent stimu lus to develop new methods for insect control.
Richard ebesu department of plant and environmental protection sciences. Guide h169 page 3 susceptible to root rot caused by the fungus rhizoctonia solani especially in sandy soils. Using insectary plants to attract and sustain beneficial. Current understanding of the genomic, genetic, and. Genetic control involves manipulation of genetic material of a pest species so as to confer lethality on the species. Biotechnological approaches for the control of insect pests in crop. Glyphosate resistant crops have changed traditional farming methods. Potential for biological control of crop pests in the. Evolutionary biology and genetic techniques for insect control. Genetic control of insect pests oxford academic journals.
Burkhardt professor of entomology section i principles of field crop insect control presentday insect problems, created or aggravated by the concentrations of host plants, are diverse and complex and without simple solutions. The complexity of the control mechanisms, and their localizationat a cellular and tissue level renders the genetic approach complicated and may explain whya certain number of plant cell lines selectedfor tolerance to salinity have failedto express this character in. Our crossdisciplinary research programme explores ecological and genetic aspects of novel methods to control insect populations. As a result, avoid this species if your soil is known to contain this pathogen. The control variables are other actors that could afect enzyme activity. Genetically modified corn environmental benefits and risks.
Biological control, the practice of using living organisms to control pests, is not a new science, but it is a control tactic that is beginning to see greater acceptance in insect pest management. Insectpest management and control the national academies press. This chapter describes the approaches to using biological control and a historical perspective of each. Alternatives to chemical control of insect pests 173 2. Control of the klamath weed hypericum perforatum and the prickly pear cactus opuntia spp. Pests control in organic agriculture in organic agriculture, crops protection is based first of all on a good deal of knowledge on agroecosystem biocenocis and biotope and information about the target pest, prevention, interactions plant environmentpest and finally on the use of the allowed pesticides annex iib of the e. Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. We propose a new pest control approach, called ridl release of insects carrying a dominant lethal, as a potentially valuable new ipm component for agriculture and public health. Auad encyclopedia of life support systems eolss regulating the population density of a pest, maintaining it below the economic damage level established for a given crop. Traditional approaches include pesticides, integrated pest management, and. Division of agriculture and natural resources, by mary louise flint, steve h. Genetically modified organisms for pest management.
Sterile males must disperse to all parts of the range. Environmental impacts of classical biological control francis g. Knipling has always insisted that autocidal control must be integrated with other measures in order to be used in the most effective way. Gallardo 1988 and wolcott 1947 have reported 15 parasitoids from puerto rico. Pdf biological control of insect pests in west africa. Developing gm insects for sustainable pest control in. Biological control is a particularly appealing pest control alternative because, unlike most other tactics, it does not always have to be reapplied each time a pest. Biological control in the simplest terms, biological control is the reduction of pest populations brought about through the actions of other living organisms, often collectively referred to as natural enemies or beneficial species.
It particularly describes speciesspecific and nonpolluting genetic methods that have the advantage over most other methods of being efficient when. Examples of purchased natural enemies that can be effective in the field are bacillus. This book provides recent contributions of current strategies to control insect pests written by experts in their respective fields. Despite the availability of a range of modern pest control techniques, insects remain a major cause of production losses in agriculture and contribute significantly to. Mf2222 biological control of insect pests on field crops in. Biological control of insect pests biotech articles. To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, im or document to embed the entire object, paste this html in website to link to this page, paste this link in email, im or document to embed this page, paste this html in website. Before you buy a pesticide, read the label to see if it is recommended for the pest and plants you want to treat. Another pest of coffee with a high potential for biological control is the coffee leafminer, leucoptera coffeella. Progeny of the maize weevil, sitophilus zeamais, is affected by parental exposure to clove and cinnamon essential oils article pdf available in entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1632. They result from fungal activity in insect infested corn crops. Powdery mildew, a fungal pathogen, and arthropod pests, including aphids, thrips, fungus gnats, and spider mites, are the most common greenhouse problems. With fewer insect holes in plant tissue, associated fungi are not able to invade and produce toxins.
The only option currently available offtheshelf is triploidy, which can be used to produce sterile males for a release program analogous to those widely and successfully used for biological control of insect pests. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in functional genomics research and the genetic improvements of insect resistance in rice. Teresa romero cortes, mario ramirezlepe, jaime alioscha cuervo parra. Correct identification of insect order important for pest control. Genetic control of pests zoology for ias, ifos and other. Virtually all insect and mite pests have some natural enemies, although not all are effective in suppressing pest. To date, many insect resistance genes have been identified in rice, and 14 such genes have been. Biological control methods such as parasitoid wasps and bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin can be used to contain some insect infestations. Biological control is the use of natural enemies to control insect pests. Advances in microbial control of insect pests the insect. Mechanisms of plant growth and improved productivity. Icrisat strategic plan to 2020 inclusive marketoriented development for smallholder farmers in the tropical drylands our vision a prosperous, foodsecure and resilient dryland tropics our mission to reduce poverty, hunger, malnutrition and environmental degradation in the dryland tropics our approach partnershipbased international agricultural researchfordevelopment that embodies science. Volume xxxv, number 34 published february 2016 genetic. Pdf the worlds forests face unprecedented threats from invasive insects and pathogens that can cause large irreversible damage to the ecosystems find, read and cite all the research you.
Insect resistance and invasion of secondary pests have led to treatment of crops with neonico tinoid insecticides that can have toxic effects on. Genetic engineering techniques can also be used for producing robust natural enemies, and more stable and virulent strains of bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and nematodes for use in integrated pest management. Benefits of genetic engineering chemistry learning. Within the last few years, geneticists have begun to devise new genetic control strategies that work by altering dna or by adding new genes or alleles into the genetic makeup of a pest population. In this study, a quantitative structure activity relationship qsar\nwas performed on eighteen bioactive mf63 phenanthrene imidazole derivatives. Chapter9 biological control and integrated pest management david orr abstract the manipulation of bene. Genetic control of insect pests 1st edition elsevier.
Genetic engineering and pest control biointegral resource center. Topics include semiochemicals based insect management techniques, assessment of lethal doseconcentrations, strategies for efficient biological control practices, bioinsecticidal formulations and mechanisms of action involving rnai technology, lighttrap. Deployment of insect resistant transgenic plants for pest control will lead to a substantial reduction in insecticide use, reduced. Pdf progeny of the maize weevil, sitophilus zeamais, is. Gallardo has proposed a biocontrol program utilizing the augmentation method using the parasitoid, mirax insularis. Small, localized populations are easier to control than large dispersed populations. Pdf biological control of insectpest and diseases by. These were followed in 1996 by plants that were tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate roundup ready. Pdf genomic biosurveillance of forest invasive alien. Today, biological control is an increasingly important component of integrated pest management ipm programs for agriculture as well as for urban environments. Some success has been achieved in developing varieties resistant to herbicides, viral diseases and insect pest. From theory to practice is an important source of information on microbial control agents and their implementation in a variety of crops and their use against medical and veterinary vector insects, in urban homes and other structures, in turf and lawns, and in rangeland and forests. Genetic control is a form of biological control of pest species which exploits the insects mate.
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